بحث عن الموضة, فاشن جاهز باللغة الانجليزية

fashion (jeans)

Jeans are a type of trousers, typically made from denim or dungaree cloth. Often the term “jeans” refers to a particular style of trousers, called “blue jeans”, which were invented by Jacob W. Davis in partnership with Levi Strauss & Co. in 1871[1] and patented by Jacob W. Davis and Levi Strauss on May 20, 1873. Prior to the Levi Strauss patented trousers, the term “blue jeans” had been long in use for various garments (including trousers, overalls, and coats), constructed from blue-colored denim.[2] “Jean” also references a (historic) type of sturdy cloth commonly made with a cotton warp and wool weft (also known as “Virginia cloth”). Jean cloth can be entirely cotton as well, similar to denim. Originally designed for cowboys and miners, modern jeans became popular in the 1950s among teenagers, especially members of the greaser subculture. Jeans were a common fashion item in the 1960s hippie subculture and they continued to be popular in the 1970s and 1980s youth subcultures of punk rock and heavy metal. Nowadays, they are one of the most popular types of trousers, especially in Western culture. Historic brands include Levi’s, Lee, and Wrangler.

Origin of jean fabric

Research on the trade of jean fabric shows that it emerged in the cities of Genoa, Italy, and Nîmes, France. Gênes, the French word for Genoa, may be the origin of the word “jeans”. In Nîmes, weavers tried to reproduce jean fabric but instead developed a similar twill fabric that became known as denim, from de Nîmes, meaning “from Nîmes”. Genoa’s jean fabric was a fustian textile of “medium quality and of reasonable cost”, very similar to cotton corduroy for which Genoa was famous, and was “used for work clothes in general”. The Genoese navy equipped its sailors with jeans, as they needed a fabric which could be worn wet or dry.[3][4] Nîmes’s “denim” was coarser, considered higher quality, and was used “for over garments such as smocks or overalls”.[5] Nearly all indigo, needed for dyeing, came from indigo bush plantations in India until the late 19th century. It was replaced by indigo synthesis methods developed in Germany.

Copper rivets for reinforcing pockets are a characteristic feature of blue jeans.
By the 17th century, jean was a crucial textile for working-class people in Northern Italy. This is seen in a series of genre paintings from around the 17th century attributed to an artist now nicknamed The Master of the Blue Jeans.[7] The ten paintings depict impoverished scenes with lower-class figures wearing a fabric that looks like denim. The fabric would have been Genoese jean, which was cheaper. Genre painting came to prominence in late 16th century, and the non-nobility subject matter in all ten paintings places them among others that portray similar scenes.
Dungaree was mentioned for the first time in the 17th century, when it was referred to as cheap, coarse thick cotton cloth, often colored blue but sometimes white, worn by impoverished people in what was then a region of Bombay, India a dockside village called Dongri. This cloth was “dungri” in Hindi. Dungri was exported to England and used for manufacturing of cheap, robust working clothes. In English, the word “dungri” became pronounced as “dungaree”.
Origin of riveted jeans
The term jeans appears first in 1795, when a Swiss banker by the name Jean-Gabriel Eynard and his brother Jacques went to Genoa and both were soon heading a flourishing commercial concern. In 1800 Massena’s troops entered the town and Jean-Gabriel was entrusted with their supply. In particular he furnished them with uniforms cut from blue cloth called “bleu de Genes” whence later derives the famous garment known worldwide as “blue jeans”.
Levi Strauss, as a young man in 1851, went from Germany to New York to join his older brothers who ran a goods store. In 1853, he moved to San Francisco to open his own dry goods business. Jacob Davis was a tailor who often bought bolts of cloth from the Levi Strauss & Co. wholesale house. In 1872, Davis wrote to Strauss asking to partner with him to patent and sell clothing reinforced with rivets. The copper rivets were to reinforce the points of stress, such as pocket corners and at the bottom of the button fly. Levi accepted Davis’s offer, and the two men received US patent No. 139,121 for an “Improvement in Fastening Pocket-Openings” on May 20, 1873.

NATURAL LANDMARKS OF SAUDI ARABIA

CAVES

Jabal Al Qarah – Eastern Provinces. Approximately 1.5 km long cave system, developed in calcareous sandstone.
Murubbeh Cave – Ar Ryadh. Enormous cave chamber, 150 m long, 80 m wide and up to 50 m high. Rich with archaeological and palaeontological material. Cave serves as a trap of cool air.
Umm Jirsan – Al Madinah. Longest known lava cave in Arabia, 1.481 km long. Passages are up to 45 m wide and contain rich collection of palaeontological and archaeological material. Contains old stone wall.
OTHER NATURAL LANDMARKS OF SAUDI ARABIA
Al Wahbah crater – Makkah. Impressive volcanic crater (maar), up to 250 m deep, diameter – 2 km. Bottom is covered with white sodium phosphate sediments.
Layla Lakes – Ar Ryadh. Largest gypsum sinkholes, former lakes which have drained now. In total 23 sinkholes, up to 1,100 m long, up to 50 m deep, with vertical walls. Especially impressive feature is the beautiful, unique gypsum tufa formations covering the walls of sinkholes.
Maha’jah Rocks (Cathedral Rock) – Tabuk. Group of amazing cliffs with enormous natural arches, hoodoos.
Wabar craters (al-Hadida meteors) – Eastern Province. Unusual impact craters in the desert of Arabia. Legendary site, where iron meteorites of large size have been found. Well preserved craters show that the impact was very recent, most likely the early 18th century.

famous landmarks in Saudi Arabia

MAN MADE LANDMARKS OF SAUDI ARABIA
CLIFF ART
Bir Hima – Najran. Paleolithic and Neolithic rock art in some 100 closely located sites with more than 6,400 drawings.
Jabal al Manjour – Ha’il. Well preserved prehistoric roct art. Depictions of dogs from the early Neolithic, 7,500 – 6,500 BC. Images show also cheetah and leopards.
Janin Cave – Ha’il. Cave with prehistoric rock art.
Shuwaymis rock art site – Ha’il. One of major rock art sites in the world, contains many thousands of drawings from 5,000 – 3,000 BC.
Umm Sanman – Ha’il. Site with huge amount of petroglyphs, with Levallois – Mousterian stone artifacts at the cliff. Here in the Middle Paleolite was located bank of large inland lake, drawings made from the Middle Paleolithic to Early Islamic time. Examples of Thamudic script – earliest writing in Arabian peninsula.
Yatib – Ha’il. More than 1,000 prehistoric petroglyphs on a more than 1 km long rock wall.
OTHER ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS
Mada’in Saleh, Saudi Arabia
Mada’in Saleh / Sammy Six, Flickr / CC BY 2.0 Al Rajajil standing stones – Al Jawf. Group of standing stones, up to 3 m tall, erected some 5,000 years ago. Aligned to sunrise and sunset, contain Thamudic inscriptions.
Jubail Church – Eastern Province. Ruins of the 4th century Nestorian church at Persian Gulf.
Mada’in Saleh (Al-Hijr, Al-Ula) – Al Madinah. Ancient Lihyan and Nabatean city with 131 monumental rock-cut structures – tombs developed since approximately the 6th century BC. It is possible that this is more important center of civilizations than considered thus far.
Qaryat al-Fāw (Qaryah) – Al Ryadh. Ruins of ancient city, which flourished around the 8th century BC – AD 228. Found remnants of three pre-Islamic temples and altar.
HISTORICAL CITIES AND VILLAGES
Al Balad – Makkah, Jeddah. Historical quarters of Jeddah, founded in the 7th century AD. Dense urban network of ornate historical houses with many stories.
Al Dar’i Quarter – Al Javf, Dumat Al-Jandal. Historical part of the city. Preserved from the middle Islamic period, stands on remnants of earlier buildings.
At Turaif District – Al Ryadh. First capital of Saudi Dynasty, built in the 15th century in ad-Dir’iyah oasis. Many structures – palaces and other urban buildings – represent the Najdi architectural style. Flourished in the 18th and 19th century. Partly in ruins.
Al-‘Ula – Al Madinah. Ruins of the old city are located over the former capital of the ancient Dedanites, with more than 2000 years old archaeological monuments. Flourished in 650 – 1230 AD. Current old city developed mainly in the 1300ies.
Dhee Ayn – Al Bahah. Historical village in picturesque place, consists of stone towers (qasabas) built over a white marble hill.
ISLAMIC SITES
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, Medina
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi, Medina / marviikad, Flickr / CC BY-SA 2.0 Al-Masjid al-Nabawi – Al Madinah. It is the second most important Islamic site, containing the tomb of Muhammad (Green Dome). The second largest mosque in world, built in 622 AD and rebuilt numerous times. Latest significant rebuildings date from the 19th and 20th centuries.
Hira – Makkah. Small, 3.7 m long cave – a place where Muhammad received his first revelations from Allah.
Jawatha Mosque – Eastern Province. Ruins of one of the oldest mosques in the world, constructed around 692 AD.
Masjid al-Haram – Makkah. The largest mosque in world, it was built in 638 AD to surround the Kaaba – holiest site of Islam. Contains several other sacred places, including Zamzam Well, which is widely believed to be a miraculous natural spring but in reality is handmade well.
Masjid al-Qiblatain – Al Madinah. Historically important mosque, where Muhammad commanded to change the direction of prayer from Jerusalem to Mecca. Ornate building, one of the earliest mosques in the world.
Quba Mosque – Al Madinah. Oldest mosque, construction started by prophet Muhammad. Completely rebuilt in 1986.

.
.

__________________________________

اضغط الرابط أدناه لتحميل البحث كامل ومنسق جاهز للطباعة